The 12 Best Journalism Schools

The 12 Best Journalism Schools SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips At the point when you have a specialty intrigue like news coverage, it very well may be hard to track down dependable data on the quality of undergrad programs. To assist you with getting your school search going, we’ve gathered together a rundown of the best news coverage schools out there for yearning authors, editors, and columnists. Positioning Criteria for Top Journalism Schools School positioning records can be extremely useful if you’re simply beginning your school search-they’re extraordinary on the off chance that you need to get a general thought of what schools are out there and whether they fit your inclinations and rules. The risk accompanies utilizing them as the be-all, end-all wellspring of information about school quality-positioning associations all utilization various techniques for thinking of these rundowns, and they’re not generally straightforward about the procedure. In spite of the fact that this positioning rundown ought to likewise simply be utilized as a bouncing off point, I need to be considerably more straightforward about the procedure used to incorporate this rundown of best news coverage schools. In the first place, I began via scanning for schools and colleges that have a devoted news coverage major for students. From that point forward, I considered these significant standards: School Reputation-Journalism has become progressively interdisciplinary as correspondences and media have changed with mechanical advances. It’s significant that college understudies approach other solid offices inside the school also, so I thought about the general notoriety of the school when assembling this rundown. Graduate School Reputation-Although I possibly recorded schools here on the off chance that they had a committed undergrad program, schools got focuses on the off chance that they had an all around respected alumni office in reporting or correspondences. College understudies contemplating news-casting will frequently profit by workforce and assets from the alumni program. Vocation Preparation-Journalism is where it’s excessively essential to get a lot of hands-on understanding before bouncing into a profession. I searched for schools where understudies were getting a lot of prep working in the field (for example temporary position openings at neighborhood or national papers or news stations). Class Options-A notoriety for giving a solid basic information is significant, however intriguing, extraordinary classes are unquestionably an or more. Reporting classes in more specialty branches of knowledge may likewise flag an inventive workforce with more noteworthy assets to save. Graduated class When offices have numerous outstanding graduated class, that flags a solid graduated class organize and a solid news-casting program. This lifts the notoriety of the school and may assist when you’re beginning to search for occupations. The Best Journalism Schools The provisos I recorded for positioning records above keep on applying here: despite the fact that this rundown was gathered in a straightforward (though informal) way, you should utilize it essentially as a bouncing off point for your own examination. I urge you to concentrate less on the severe request of rankings (which is quite emotional in the first place) and more on the individual qualities of each school. #1: Northwestern University News-casting is one of the most mainstream majors at Northwestern, and in light of current circumstances. There are numerous projects set up to guarantee that understudies are solid and steady for professions as writers. A portion of these projects include: The Journalism Residency Program-Students invest energy filling in as columnists or advertising experts at news sources the nation over (and at times even universally). The Media on the Hill Program-Students fill in as versatile writers and rapidly update data on occasions in DC. Medill Justice Program-Students analyze possibly unjust feelings and investigate criminal equity issues. Uncommon courses offered through the school incorporate intriguing electives like â€Å"The Googlization of America† and â€Å"Journalism in a Networked World.† Finally, Northwestern hosts one of the top alumni news coverage programs in the nation notwithstanding a marvelous exploratory writing program. #2: University of Missouri-Columbia (Mizzou) Mizzou is a huge state funded college that’s notable for its undergrad and graduate news coverage programs. There are more than 30 diverse intrigue regions (for example focuses) accessible to undergrad news-casting understudies, including ones like â€Å"Entrepreneurial Journalism† and â€Å"Magazine Publishing and Management.† If none of the current intrigue zones address your issues, you have the alternative to plan your own. Hands-on circumstances in genuine media labs are accessible to understudies in each intrigue region. There are likewise a significant number pertinent understudy bunches nearby, including ones like the Association for Women in Sports Media and the Student Society of News Design. #3: Boston University BU is a very much positioned school in a clamoring school town-the region around the school (quit worrying about the school itself) accompanies a great deal of chance. The school itself-which has created 24 Pulitzer Prize champs consolidates an aesthetic sciences foundation with a lot of pre-proficient preparing in the field. Students have a wide range of center territories to look over, including Online Journalism and Magazine Journalism. Understudies frequently assistant at esteemed Boston-region news associations like the Boston Globe. At long last, BU flaunts a solid news coverage ace's program, which shows access to a lot of magnificent personnel and different assets. Living in a center like Boston opens up a great deal of expert chances. #4: Syracuse University Perhaps the best college in upstate NY, Syracuse offers eight diverse student programs in reporting and interchanges, including Broadcast Digital Journalism and Newspaper Online Journalism. The school keeps up a few industry associations with significant interchanges organizations, prompting proficient/organizing openings. Unique projects incorporate the SULA Semester (Syracuse University Los Angeles), where understudies spend a mid year living and working in LA. #5: UT Austin News coverage is a well known major at UT Austin, yet there are additionally numerous accommodating supporting offices, including Communication Media Studies and Digital Communication. News coverage at UT Austin-which flaunts 18 Pulitzer Prize winning graduated class stresses advanced abilities preparing for every one of its understudies. The school's Specialty Communications Career Services Center enables news-casting understudies to secure temporary jobs and positions. There are additionally numerous significant understudy bunches nearby, including University of Texas Hispanic Journalists and ORANGE Magazine (UT’s understudy magazine). #6: NYU NYU is a profoundly positioned school when all is said in done (with an exceptionally positioned exploratory writing system for sure). News coverage understudies at NYU pick between two undergrad tracks: Journalism and Media Criticism. The two projects center around proficient morals, the social governmental issues of media, the social job of the writer, and the significance of specialty. Understudies are required to twofold study one extra field of study. This is incredible in the event that you need an increasingly aesthetic sciences turn to your instruction, yet not very good if you’re sure you simply need to concentrate on news coverage. New York City is an extraordinary spot to consider news-casting there are such huge numbers of esteemed news sources with home office there-however on the off chance that you have global aspirations, you may be keen on NYU's Journalism Abroad Program: understudies study and work in Ghana, Czech Republic, China, and England. #7: Arizona State University ASU is a tremendous state funded college in an enormous city with a great deal of chance for hands-on understanding. The Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication offers three four year certification choices: Journalism and Mass Communication, Mass Communication and Media Studies, and Sports Journalism. Understudies get preparing in live newsrooms under expert writers. ASU’s PBS station-which arrives at 1.9 million families is likewise utilized as a training instrument for understudies at the news coverage school. At such a huge school you'll make certain to discover a similarly enormous determination of understudy gatherings. Some applicable gatherings incorporate the Fashion Journalists Club, the National Association of Black Journalists, and the Cronkite Cut. Phoenix is to a greater degree a city than you may understand and the region accompanies some additional advantages. #8: American University American University is situated in DC, an ideal spot for hopeful columnists to get work understanding (particularly in case you're keen on governmental issues). Notwithstanding the standard four year college education program, American offers a special joint BA/MA program. College understudies browse one of two tracks: Broadcast or Print Journalism. Analytical reporting workshops and practicums are a significant piece of the program. Different projects offered at the school incorporate correspondence considers, film media expressions, and open correspondence all teaches that play well with reporting. #9: Emerson College Emerson is situated in Boston, just squares from the state house. The program truly endeavors to be proactive in grasping innovative advances in the field-it received another interactive media educational program in 2011. Beside news coverage, other well known majors at Emerson incorporate film, promoting, and advanced correspondence. The school flaunts a few honor winning nearby news sources (counting papers and radio broadcasts). There is a wide exhibit of intriguing understudy gatherings, including Captured Emotion (devoted to narrative and genuine work), spec (a gathering committed to the craft of screenwriting), and Wax on Felt (an understudy record organization). #10: Ohio University Ohio University offers its understudies a blend of an aesthetic sciences + proficient degree. Its statement of purpose says the school is focused on giving a training in proficient morals, basic reasoning, and duty. There's a solid accentuation on the impor

A Journal opinion article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

A Journal sentiment article - Essay Example When contrasted with a similar period a year ago, JP Morgan enlisted a decrease in bond exchanging income by 21%. Also, the bank income acquired from the home loan decreased to 84%. Significant perspective that caused the terrible showing by the bank was because of vulnerabilities that encompassed the US economy to the extent loaning to shoppers and exchanging volumes are concerned. Being one of the Wall Street banks to post the decreased profit, JP Morgan shows how the money related division has been confronted with challenges in the main quarter of 2014. Moreover, dominant part of the organizations possessed by the bank including the business loaning and the Mastercards showed low benefits. This came about to decreased complete income for the bank in the principal quarter an angle that may bring about decrease of yearly income if the pattern of the low execution in the budgetary division proceeds in the rest of the quarters. As indicated by the bank, the net gain tumbled to $5.27 b illion which is comparable to $1.28 per share structure the $6.53bn, or $1.59 per share which was knowledgeable about a similar period in 2013. As per the experts, the bank gaining per share was relied upon to remain at $1.40 per share. Be that as it may, this was not accomplished because of the decrease in net income which experienced 8.5% tumble to remain at $22.99bn while the bank anticipated that all out income should remain at $24.53billion. So also, in the premarket exchanging, JP shares discounted by 3.3% to sell at $55.50 going astray from $61 most significant expenses that the bank has kept up throughout the previous 13 years. This is a significant marker of horrible showing of the bank a viewpoint that may result to low degree of trust from the clients just as financial specialists. Notwithstanding the low execution by the JP Morgan, Jamie Dimon, the CEO demonstrates that the biggest bank in US is making trust in the country’s economy. As the aftereffect of

Fall 2016 New Student Series Part 4 Ma. Angelica Feliz Chua Cruz COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2016 New Student Series Part 4 Ma. Angelica Feliz Chua Cruz COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog In our fourth edition of this years new student series, meet Angelica Cruz. Shes an incoming MPA in Development Practice student and is from Manila in the Philippines. Shes obsessed with technology, and hopes to one day help improve  urban development plans in Manila. Full Name: Ma. Angelica Feliz Chua Cruz Program: MPA in Development Practice Anticipated Graduation Year:  2018 Hometown: Manila Undergraduate University: University of the Philippines â€" Diliman Undergraduate Major: Geography Undergraduate Graduation Year:  2012                                                                                                                                                                               What’s your professional background? Since graduating from college, I’ve been working in non-government organizations. The three organizations I worked in helped me gain experience in microfinance, education, and good governance reform. While I knew from the very beginning that development work was what I wanted to dedicate myself to, I wasn’t sure what aspect of it I really wanted to focus on. Working as an outsider with the government for the last two years or so has helped me understand that the biggest hurdle to Philippine development has really been governance. Through my organizations’ strong relationships with cities and local government units I’ve observed that balanced urban development that is driven by thoughtful and strategic leaders is the key to regional cohesion. Did you apply to SIPA to change careers or to gain experience in a career path you already have experience in? I applied to SIPA, because it was/is the ideal school for furthering my career. While I’ve had a lot of local experience, I think that incorporating international perspectives to my understanding of development issues is of utmost importance. This is particularly true in the Philippines where leaders are prone to reinventing the wheel, or going the complete opposite direction, and fully adopting a solution without considering the context it came from. What was your reaction when you found out you were accepted to SIPA? I was honestly shocked. I thought about the admission results constantly, and I was in a permanent state of anxiety for almost half a year. Because of the time difference, I stayed up each night of the first week of March just waiting for an email. The day I got my decision, I found out four hours after it was released since my email categorized the notification as an ad. I just felt so happy after reading that first sentence that I only actually read the full letter a half day later. I had a Plan B, C, D, E in case Plan A didn’t work out, but amazingly enough it did. I’m still awed when I think about it. Why did you say yes to SIPA? I didn’t really apply to any other school. SIPA was the only one I wanted to go to. I figured that if I didn’t get in the first time, I didn’t want to settle for any other school or program, and I’d just try to make myself a better candidate after another year.   What do you most look forward to as a graduate student at SIPA? As mentioned before, I’m really interested in urban development. The fact that SIPA is in New York is so important to me, because I see New York as a model for Manila. I’m excited to learn from faculty who have worked with the city government on urban designâ€"for both infrastructure and institutions. Do you have any apprehensions about starting graduate school? A lot. I like to think that I’d do well academically, but of course that’s not a given. And financial constraints linger in the back of my mind. But if I’m honest, my main concern is fitting in. I don’t know if I’ll be overwhelmed by the complete change in environment or if I’ll thrive in it. Part of me is still in disbelief that this is happening at all, so I can’t seem to imagine myself actually being there when the time comes. (On a more personal level, I’m really afraid of leaving my dog who is 16 years old.) What are your goals after SIPA? I hope to work in the UNDP, so that I can get a better picture of different development strategies around the world. But in the long-term, I’d really like to be part of improving urban development plans here in Manila. While the big cities have been booming, the growth has been terribly unequal. If you could change one small thing about your community, country or the world, what would it be? For the Philippines, I think it’s most important for us to foster a sense of unity. While class divisions are evident in cities like Manila, regionalism prevents us from working together on a national level. There’s a very strong us-against-them mentality that inhibits Filipinos from thinking about the best programs and people for the whole country, not just for ourselves or those closest to us. Tell us something interesting about yourself: I love technology, and I am addicted to tech news. However, I only started using a smartphone this January. For the longest time, I stuck with my Nokia 3310 because of Snake II. The only reason I’m not using it now is because it gave up on me. Like a lot of people, I like to think of myself as a forward thinker and (maybe) would-be pioneer, but there are irrational traditions and habits that I am too attached to let go of. View all of Fall 2016s interviews here.

The Image of Women in Sports Today Essay - 1095 Words

The Image of Women in Sports Today We live in a world that changes quickly, so its no terrible surprise that the image of women in sports is changing quickly, as well. Relatively, it hasnt been that long since women were not even socially permitted to participate in sports or any kind of physical activity-- now, I dare say, its nearly expected. There are still remnants of past gender-types, but overall I think the image of women in sports has changed dramatically. It used to be that women were not allowed to participate in sports-- beyond just being seen as unbecoming and unfeminine, it was actually believed that physical activity would harm a womans reproductive system. Men did not think that women should or could do the same†¦show more content†¦Despite all the progress we have made, a woman still has to do more to get the same amount of respect that a man is given automatically. Another aspect that has remained part of the image of women in sports is the element of being... well, pretty. More than anything, I see this as a holdover from the days when women had to prove that they could play sports and still be feminine, to-- Im not sure what. Assuage fears that by playing sports, they were somehow going to be turned into men? At any rate, women werent allowed to be anything except perfect, even while playing sports. They had to not sweat, not get tired, and always still look fresh and beautiful. Even to this day, the female athletes who do best in the media are not necessarily the ones who actually play at the highest level, but the ones who look the best. This is true even outside of performance sports like ice-skating, where it is, to a certain degree, understandable that its important for the ice-skaters to be attractive. The same is true of male athletes-- ugly male athletes dont grace the front of a Kelloggs box-- but not nearly to the same extent. Another aspect of how women are portrayed in sports, today, is how closely the idea of female athletes have become tied to the idea of strongShow MoreRelatedThe Fight Against Discrimination Today s Society1030 Words   |  5 Pages Andie Girard Mr. Morrow English-1D1 08 December 2015 The Fight Against Discrimination In Today s Society â€Å"Discrimination is treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favour of, or against a person or thing based on the group, class, or which that person or thing is perceived to belong to rather than an individual being or object.† (Dictionary.com) Imagine living everyday hiding your true self, disguising the person you actually are and what real emotions you feel. 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Andrew Jackson The Second President Of The Democratic Party

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), Americas seventh President, was born into poverty and became wealthy as a Tennessee lawyer and politician by 1812. His leadership developed while the United States and Britain fought against one another. Throughout the battle Jackson showed great leadership skills and direction. Some say he became America’s most influential and polarizing political figure between the 1820 and 1830. Jackson first ran for President in the 1824 presidential election losing in a close race to John Quincy Adams. Four years later Jackson defeated Adams to become the Seventh President of the United States. America’s political party’s evolved and Jackson was the leader of the Democratic Party. He was a big supporter of states’†¦show more content†¦With this gained knowledge of law he was granted admission to the North Carolina bar in 1787. Shortly after, he began to practice law as a prosecuting attorney in an area which was later known as Nashville, Tennessee. Jackson prospered and gained enough wealth to build a home, called the Hermitage, near Nashville and also purchased slaves. Possibly the start of Jackson’s political career sparked from him joining a convention in 1796, to draft a new Tennessee state constitution. He later became the first man to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee. Jackson declined to seek reelection and returned home March of 1797. Almost directly following his decision, he was elected to the U.S. Senate. Again, Jackson decided to leave and resigned a year later. He was then elected Judge of Tennessee’s superior court. Following this, he was elected to the position of head of the state militia just before the war with Great Britain in 1812, which played a pivotal role for Jackson’s future. Jackson served as a Major General during the War of 1812. Under his command he led the U.S. through a five month long campaign against the Creek Indians which were known allies of the British. He claimed victory in the battle of Tohopeka also known as Horseshoe Bend in Alabama in 1814. Later Jackson led U.S. forces to a victory over the British known as the Battle of New Orleans in 1815.

Dollar General Case Free Essays

Dollar General: Case Study #1 Timothy Mayer Professor Perreira 02/01/2010 Executive Summary: Dollar General Corporation is a leader in the discount retail industry, but clearly could use new information systems to further establish its presence and dominate the industry. The ability of Dollar General to set up new stores quickly, at a low cost, and efficiently has enabled them to maximize their revenue, while keeping costs minimal. Dollar General is very dependent on the ability of the management they place in charge of each store opening, known as the setter, to coordinate the process and make sure the opening runs as smoothly as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Dollar General Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now The setter must be able to train the store manager to run the Dollar General store to the exact specifications presented by the upper management of the company. Dollar General does depend on some information systems to help open and establish its stores. They have contracts with companies, like IBM and Spacenet, which set up most of the technological requirements for their stores. These relationships allow for Dollar General to monitor and accelerate the creation of new stores in a way that is familiar and comfortable for them. However, once the stores are up and running information systems are not utilized to their fullest extent. This has lead to numerous inventory and employee issues that are costing the stores and company money. With the economy in the USA at one of the lowest points it has been in history, Dollar General is in a perfect position to increase sales and establish a greater industry presence. They must adapt and embrace though technology that can help establish this growth in order to continue to be successful. Case Study Dollar General’s use of information systems is a far from perfect system. They have the technology in place for the most part, but do not fully utilize its potential. They clearly do not fully embrace technology. They use a satellite system over a higher speed options and do not use networks to enhance their operations. Their reasoning for this is to keep the overhead costs down, but this increasing the overall deficiencies of their business. The main process that suffers from the lack of information systems s their inventory process. When inventory arrives at a store, it is not scanned nor is the amount of goods verified or noted. This had lead to the shrink rate, the amount of loses in sales a store writes off, to increase and develop a distrust between corporate management and the employees at the stores. Dollar General uses inventory information systems at their distribution centers already. By adapting this technology on the store level, Dollar General will be able to sol ve one of the biggest problems they face. Dollar General clearly has found a niche in their industry that has worked for them for years. In order to keep their status and grow further they need to increase the budget they provide to each store for technology systems. The economy of the United States is at a perfect place for discount stores to flourish. The limitations and issues created by the lack of advanced systems will eventually catch up to them and cause more losses of revenue. The initial costs might be greater, but over the long term Dollar General will position itself in a better place. How to cite Dollar General Case, Papers

Retail Management for Values Customer Satisfaction - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theRetail Managementfor Values Customer Satisfaction. Answer: Product Woolworths is the leading Australian retailer. The company provides all sorts of grocery items as part of its marketing mix (Andrew, 2011). Some of the grocery products comprise of fruits, vegetables, meat, packed products among others. The company has also started selling stationary items, DVDs, and magazines. In each category, Woolworth allows its customers to have large variety of choice relating to local produce, brand, and international cuisine. This means its management values customer satisfaction as one of the key factors of maintaining good performance of the business. To ensure continuous customer loyalty and satisfaction, the management ensures its products are tested and approved by experts to maintain good quality. The company has diversified range of products ranging from furniture, bags, housewares, beddings to clothing and accessories (Stanton, 2012). The diversified range of products has assisted its management for to cater the all-around needs of the consumers because it enables them to have all they need under one roof. Price Woolworth has been trying to maintain similar or slightly higher prices than its competitors. Having learnt that, it offers a wide variety of premium brands in food chain as one of the strategies to keep the prices competitive in the market. The company uses various pricing strategies to ensure it serves people of different levels of income (George, 2013). The company also uses other unique tactics to ensure its pricing strategy attracts as many customers as possible. For example, frequent club is a reward program which provides $20 vouchers for every 200 points gathered. The customers are also provided with Woolworths shopping cards which automatically track various aspects like purchases, meaning its customers do not need to retain paper receipts. Recently, Woolworth has introduced a new pricing strategy known as round numbers. Although various people including retail experts have criticized this strategy, Woolworth believes it certainly makes it easier for its customers to identify prices, and also creates references prices (Louis, 2011). The strategy was aimed at moving more than 20,000 of its products to round dollars and no cents. The company believes this pricing strategy provides customers with simpler price points to assist them in adding the cost of weekly shopping and in managing weekly budgets easily. Promotion Promotion is always of keen prominence for this company (Louis, 2011). Recently, its management has been using it to attain some of its business goals. The company offers different loyalty schemes which comprise of petrol pump discounts to its consumers as one way of keeping long term relationships with them. Woolworth uses various media including magazines, newsletters and social media for efficient promotion. Woolworth gives extensive deals and offers including gift cards to its customers as one way of making its customers realize why they should be associated with the company. Having realised that most of its customers are in one or more social media platforms, the company carry extensive promotion through the online media (Dee, 2011). The strategies of promotion correspond to every mean which this company uses to communicate the values and benefits of its products. Although this company has tried to incorporate promotion in its marketing mix, it is yet to use it effectively to assist it in maintaining as many customers as possible (Ene, 2014). The company should incorporate as many promotional tools as possible in order to attain its targets. Some of these tools should include advertising with several channels, sales promotions among others. Location The company currently operates more than 1000 stores in Australia, with more than 950 being supermarkets. Some of the Woolworths stores operate as Safeway stores in Victoria Melbourne (Kaifi, 2012). The company has also realised that with the current technological advancements and the desire for every person to me digitized, its business can thrive online and therefore its management has considered operating through different online platform. Alongside operating on these platform, the company has recently development a mobile app for the purchases to continue making itself more available to its consumers. To make itself more available to consumers in different locations, the company has come up with various private label brands, like the Woolworth Homebrand, Woolworths gold, Woolworth select, Woolworths fresh among others (Gummesson, 2012). There are also other retail chains using the name of this brand located in United Kingdom, Mexico, Germany, among other countries. Just like other big firms, Woolworth has realized the importance of using social media platforms to stay relevant to the lives of its customers. To become widely known and available to most customers, the company has made itself available to different social media platforms. Like for example, it has a very popular Facebook page with more than 800000 followers (Gupta, 2011). The company is also available through various other platforms like Pinterest, Instagram, YouTube, twitter, among others. The kind of feedback which its consumers provide through these social media platforms helps its management to determine the kind of experience with they have with its brands. Customer service and selling Woolworth serves more than 18 million customers every week (Louis, 2011). Its Customers are one of the most important assets because they play a significant role in the performance and existence of the company. Its customers comprises of people of different age groups, gender, and social class. To ensure its customers maintain loyalty with the company, Woolworth ensures its products are of good quality and customer satisfaction is valued in everything the company does. The company has various strategic objectives aimed at improving customer experience. For example, it aims at being a customer centric business. With this objective, it has been trying to define who its future customers are and what can be done to ensure their needs are addressed (Louis, 2011). The company has defined business-wide view of the Woolworths customer, which is based on customers mind-set, and their wants and needs as informed by lifestyle segments. The company also has various strategies to build and maintain strong customer relations. For example, it uses its WRewards programme to ensure its customers have the best experience than the one they can have from its competitors (Gupta, 2011). This programme has remained Woolworths key strategy to increase the lifetime value for its consumers. The program enables the company to reward loyal customers and gather information to further understand the needs of its clients and align them with its total customer proposition. In Woolworth, offering real value goes beyond offering its consumers with quality at a reasonable price. Woolworth always puts the customer first because it believes they are the reason the company is in business (Dee, 2011). Its management values customer feedback regarding their experience and views regarding what the company does best, and what should be changed to improve their satisfaction. Although this company tries to maintain its relationship with customers, competition makes it to experience challenges in maintaining its market share. Store layout and design One of the recent aims of Woolworth is to ensure its stores meets the needs of its consumers. The company has been trying to consider various aspects in its stores like space, location, lighting and ventilation, to ensure they are fit for its target customers (Kaifi, 2012). To keep good and cost effective business, the management also considers a number of green design elements like natural light and a system that automatically adjusts depending on the daylight conditions. The stores also recaptures waste heat from refrigeration to heat its stores. For better customer experience, the company has considered placing enough spaces between the shelves to ensure the customers can spot their desired products from a distance. The spaces also allows free movement of people and trolleys (Gummesson, 2012). The stores are also deigned with considering security features like several emergency exit doors and CCTV cameras to monitors all activities around the premises. Merchandise Woolworth places various commodities in its stores to allow the customers have a wide range of selection and its aim of making all products under one roof to become a reality. The company places its products in a manner that can aid in making the consumers to have the best experience (Arun, 2015). The products are organized according to their category to assist the consumers to access them without difficulties. The use of tags placed at strategic points where customers can see them has also assisted its clients to have easy access products around the stores. Placing a wide range of commodities allows the company to realize high customer turnout because consumers like obtaining products from places where they can get all what they need without wasting time (Ene, 2014). The manner in which the company presents its products in its stores has also promoted its sales because it brings some sense of attraction to the consumers. References Andrew, H. F. (2011). The Definitive Handbook of Business Continuity Management. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Arun, H. (2015). Case Study: Consumer's Perception towards Private Label Brands in Retail Stores. Advances in Management, 8(1), 56-96. Dee, M. (2011). National Competition Policy and the Retail Sector. Journal of Australian Political Economy, 67. Ene, S. B. (2014). A Study on Corporate Image, Customer Satisfaction and Brand Loyalty in the Context of Retail Stores. Asian Social Science, 10(14), 89-105. George, T. K. (2013). The AMA Dictionary of Business and Management. New York: AMACOM. Gummesson, E. (2012). Total Relationship Marketing. London: Routledge. Gupta, M. S. (2011). Consideration of Sources of Information as Selection Criteria in Mutual Fund Purchase: A Comparative Study of Retail and Non-Retail Investors. IUP Journal of Applied Finance, 17(1), 589-612. Kaifi, B. S. (2012). Strategic Leadership Applied to Retail Management: Joe Contrucci Discusses the 21st Century Dynamic Organization. 17(4), 85-102. Louis, D. C. (2011). Image and Personality: Two Complementary Tools to Position and Differentiate Retailers. International Management Review, 7(1), 12-65. Stanton, T. (2012). Why Some Firms Thrive While Others Fail: Governance and Management Lessons from the Crisis. New York: Oxford University Press.

Current Issues and challenges of Hospitality and Tourism Industry

The hospitality and tourism industry has been evolving every now and then because of the changing needs of the society. This is because the industry as a whole deals in a wide range of issues and aspects that need to be fully adhered to for customer satisfaction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Current Issues and challenges of Hospitality and Tourism Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It should be known that customers in the hospitality industry are always demanding unique products and services and this is up to all stakeholders to take up the challenge. In this case, there are a lot of emerging issues and challenges in the hospitality and tourism industry that has forced stakeholders to go back to the drawing board and this is what this paper will mainly focus on. There is need to stay ahead of customers and this is one of current issues that are facing the tourism and hospitality industry (Mitchel, 2009, p. 12). This is because their service expectations are always changing meaning that they need to be matched at all costs. It should be known that the tourism and hospitality industry has been growing in recent years and this is because various economies have been on an upward trend. As a result, there has been an increase in the demand for accommodation. This aspect has increased the demand for hotels thereby piling pressure on the industry to increase their facilities. An increase in the demand for hotels is something that needs to be attended to because all customers can not be accommodated by one facility since this might compromise the services that they are being given (Bar kin, 2002, p. 23). Technology is something that is always evolving and any industry can not do without it. The rate at which technology has been evolving and emerging is too fast that if you are left behind, you will likely miss customers.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's se e if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that technology is one of issues that the hospitality and tourism industry has to cope with for long terms sustainability There is an implication that technology is one of the current issues that are facing the tourism and hospitality industry in a broad way. The product aspect of the tourism and hospitality industry has been changing in recent years and this is a trend that needs to be coped up with. For instance, ecotourism is an emerging industry as far as tourism and hospitality are concerned and this means that efforts should be directed towards the satisfaction of customers (Kummer, 2010, p. 18). The relationship between tourism and development is one of the issues that have emerged in recent years and this is a major issue that has brought in governments, international bodies and different industry stakeholders. In this case, the line between these two aspects needs to be drawn effectively to do away with any contradictions or conflict of interest that might come by. Pricing in the hospitality and tourism industry is a major issue that needs to be attended to. This is because the industry is wide and covers a large geographical area. In this case, pricing trends have been changing depending on the product or service but this has had an impact on the number of customers (Kummer, 2010, p. 31). We can wholesomely say that the growth of the tourism and hospitality industry greatly depends on pricing and products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Current Issues and challenges of Hospitality and Tourism Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that the industry has to choose between growing their own margins and increasing the number of customers. Plane ticketing is one of the current issues that the industry has to look at. In this case, people do not want to travel for long distances and this affects the industry in a broad way. All this withstanding, the needs of the hospitality and tourism industry will continue to change and emerge as time goes by meaning that all stakeholders should be up to date with what is needed. The hospitality and tourism industry is facing a lot of challenges and this is bound to affect it in a broad way. In this case it should be known that the challenges are numerous and complex. The rapid growth of the industry has brought in a lot of challenges that need to be solved by all stakeholders. Labor and skills shortage has been identified as one of the challenges that are facing the tourism and hospitality industry. This has mostly been complicated by the emergence of new technologies and trends that need to be satisfied and attended to. As a matter of fact, the new environment under which the industry operates demands a new approach to labor and skills (Economy Watch, 2011, p. 27). This has given the industry a big challenge because they h ave to meet the needs for new skills and labor at all costs to keep customers. In extreme cases, the industry has been forced to develop this skills and talents at huge costs. An increase in construction costs is a challenge that the tourism and hospitality industry has continued to face in recent years (Quinion, 2005, p. 21).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It should be known that the demand for new facilities has been going up because of an increase in the number of customers. On the other hand, the cost of constructing new facilities has been skyrocketing every now and then posing a major challenge to players who want to expand to new markets. Whenever such costs go up, the industry has to find another way of covering up for this and most likely they can increase prices which will affect customer numbers. The availability of capital is a challenge that the industry has faced in recent years mostly because of the global economic crisis (Economy Watch, 2011, p. 35). We all admit that the industry has been growing tremendously and various players and stakeholders need money for expansion activities, value addition and financing of operations. In this case, the availability of capital has been limited. As a matter of fact, the industry has been forced to obtain capital at high costs thereby affecting their operations. Different countries have enhanced their security measures because of an increase in crime and terrorism activities (Travels, 2009, p. 31). In this case, there have been a lot of travel permit restrictions that have ended up affecting the hospitality and tourism industry. In this case, customers are not free to travel to different destinations before being checked up. As a matter of fact, some people have been restricted to move to other places and this has been a major challenge to the industry as a whole. Most notably, such measures have affected tourist numbers yet the industry might have spent a lot of money trying to woo and attract customers. Regulation is another challenge because the industry does not operate in one definite location (Kummer, 2010, p. 29). As much as the industry has a body that can champion for its rights, this has been at the expense of different governments. Some of these laws have been punitive and affected the growth of the tourism and hospitality industry in a broad way. All in all, the industry has a great potential and there should be efforts to ensure that it is sustainable. Reference List Bar kin, D. (2002). Eco tourism for sustainable regional development: Current Issues in Tourism. Washington, DC: Island Press. Economy Watch. (2011). Tourism Industry Trends. Retrieved from http://www.economywatch.com/world-industries/tourism/trends.html Kummer, F. (2010). The Hospitality Industry and Some of the Personnel Challenges it faces. Retrieved from https://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2010_3rd/Aug10_HospitalityPersonnel.html Mitchel, J. (2009). Value chain analysis and poverty reduction at scale. Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann. Quinion, M. (2005). Dark Tourism. New York: World Wide Words. Travels. (2009). 2009 tourism trends. Retrieved from http://moelwintravels.blogspot.com/2009/01/2009-tourism-trends.html This essay on Current Issues and challenges of Hospitality and Tourism Industry was written and submitted by user Aaden Dillard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Pontiacs Rebellion and Smallpox as a Weapon

Pontiac's Rebellion and Smallpox as a Weapon Victory in the French and Indian War  had opened up new areas  of North America for British settlers. The previous inhabitants, France, hadn’t  settled to the extent that the British now tried, and had not impacted the Indian populations to a great extent. However, colonists now flooded into the newly conquered areas. Indian representatives made it clear to the British that they were unhappy with the number and spread of settlers, as well as the increasing number of British fortifications in the area. This last point was especially heated as British negotiators had promised that the military presence was only to defeat France, but they had stayed on regardless. Many Indians were also upset with the British apparently breaking peace agreements made during the French and Indian war, such as those promising certain areas would be kept for Indian hunting only.​ Initial Indian Rebellion This Indian resentment caused uprisings. The first of these was the ​​Cherokee War, caused by colonial infringement on Indian land, attacks on Indians by settlers, Indian revenge attacks and the actions of a prejudiced colonial leader who tried to blackmail the Cherokee by taking hostages. It was bloodily crushed by the British. Amherst, the commander of the British army in America, implemented stringent measures in trade and gift giving. Such trade was vital to the Indians, but the measures resulted in a decline in trade and greatly increased Indian anger. There was a political element to Indian rebellion too, as prophets began preaching a divide from European cooperation and goods, and a return to old ways and practices, as the way in which Indians could end a downward spiral of famine and disease. This spread across Indian groups, and chiefs favorable to Europeans lost power. Others wanted the French back as a counter to Britain. Pontiacs Rebellion Settlers and Indians had become involved in skirmishes, but one chief, Pontiac of the Ottowa, acted on his own initiative to attack Fort Detroit. As this was vital to the British, Pontiac was seen to take on a much greater role than he actually did, and the whole broader uprising was named after him. Warriors from a number of groups flocked to the siege, and members of many others- including Senecas, ​Ottawas, Hurons, Delawares, and Miamis- allied in a war against the British to seize forts and other centers. This effort was only loosely organized, especially at the start, and didn’t bring to bear the groups’ full offensive capacity.​ Indians were successful in seizing British hubs, and many forts fell along the new British frontier, although three key ones remained in British hands. By the end of July, everything west of Detroit had fallen. At Detroit, the Battle of Bloody Run saw a British relief force wiped out, but another force traveling to relieve Fort Pitt won the Battle of Bushy Run, and later the besiegers were forced to leave. The siege of Detroit was then abandoned as winter approached and divisions between Indian groups grew, even though they were on the brink of success. Smallpox When an Indian delegation asked the defenders of Fort Pitt to surrender, the British commander refused and sent them away. While doing so, he gave them gifts, which included food, alcohol and two blankets and a handkerchief which had come from people suffering smallpox. The intent was for it to spread among the Indians- as it had done naturally in the years before- and cripple the siege. Although he didn’t know of this, the head of British forces in North America (Amherst) advised his subordinates to deal with the rebellion by all means available to them, and that included passing smallpox-infected blankets to the Indians, as well as executing Indian prisoners. This was a new policy, without precedent among Europeans in America, one caused by desperation and, according to historian Fred Anderson, â€Å"genocidal fantasies†. Peace and Colonial Tensions Britain initially responded by attempting to crush the rebellion and force British rule onto the contested territory, even when it looked like peace might be achieved by other means. After developments in the government, Britain issued the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Royal Proclamation of 1763. It created three new colonies in the newly conquered land but left the rest of ‘the interior’ to the Indians: no colonists could settle there and only the government could negotiate land purchases. Many of the details were left vague, such as how Catholic residents of the former New France were to be treated under British law which barred them from votes and offices. This created further tensions with the colonists, many of whom had hoped to expand into this land, and some of whom were already there. They were also unhappy that the Ohio River Valley, the trigger for the French Indian war, was given over to Canadian administration. The British proclamation enabled the country to negotiate with the rebellious groups, although these proved messy thanks to British failings and misunderstandings, one of which temporarily returned power to Pontiac, who had fallen from grace. Eventually, treaties were agreed, reversing many of the British policy decisions passed in the aftermath of the war, allowing alcohol to be sold to the Indians and unlimited arms sales. The Indians concluded after the war that they could earn concessions from the British by violence. The British tried to pull back from the frontier, but colonial squatters kept flowing in and violent clashes continued, even after the dividing line was moved. Pontiac, having lost all prestige, was later murdered in an unconnected incident. No one tried to avenge his death.

How diversity impacts educational efforts and programs within the area Research Paper

How diversity impacts educational efforts and programs within the area of academia - Research Paper Example A nurse is essentially a social person, or he/she might not be able to do justice to the job. Social skills required on the part of a nurse include but are not limited to emotional intelligence, communication skills, and management. In-depth knowledge of diverse cultures enables a nurse to optimize on his/her potential to display these skills in the workplace. Inclusion of diversity in the academic curriculum of nursing acquaints a nurse with the knowledge of the best possible way to deal with a patient coming from a certain background. Diversification of the nursing education is also a need of the hour in that the nursing students have become increasingly non-traditional over the years. Non-traditional means â€Å"aged 25 or older, commutes to school, enrolled part time, is male, is a member of an ethnic or racial minority group, speaks English as a second or additional language, has dependent children, and holds a general equivalency diploma (GED) or has required remedial classes† (Bednarz, Schim, and Doorenbos, 2010). According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), there were about 73 per cent non-traditional nursing students in the undergraduate program as of

Organization advertisment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization advertisment - Assignment Example There are several services offered at the center that you will find beneficial. There are plenty of philanthropic activities happening at the center with events such as clothing exchange and free Teen Night among others all happening in Brattain House. Besides, the center offers training to parents on how best to improve their parenting skills especially with the teenage children. There are plenty of captivating programs at the center that are aimed at improving the social welfare of the society. With the realization of the importance of sharing, the organization arranges events such as Little Yoga and Teen Night among several others that enable parents to meet and interact as they assist each other. The impacts of such social connectivity and events are immense. Amazingly, other services that one will find intriguing include the orientation program in which preschoolers are absorbed and rehearsed for their anticipated school days making them establish strong academic foundations that have proved to have positive impacts in their lives. At the Family Resource Centre, such donations are highly valued. Any contribution will be highly appreciated. There are a number of reasons why Family Resource Centre requires and deserves your

Novating design team to a contractor

Novating design team to a contractor Synopsis Clients within the Construction Industry prefer to use the JCT Design Build Contract rather than other traditional procurements methods. Novation is a process that allows Clients to oversee the early stages of design development of a project and then transfer the responsibility for the design to a Contractor after the contract has been awarded. By transferring the responsibility to the Contractor through novation the Client takes minimum risk contractually while retaining an influence on project design from the initial stages. This process transfers maximum risk to the Contractor as he becomes responsible for all future design of a project and all past design completed up to the point of a contract being awarded, this includes any design errors. Both Contractors and Designers must work together closely on any design and build project, but particularly when novation has taken place. For a project to be profitable and be completed on time it is essential that there is a good working relationship between Contractor and Designer. Research to establish if the process of novation has an adverse affect on the working relationship between Contractor and Designer was conducted. The aims were to identify factors that may affect the working relationship of the two parties and to understand the opinions of both Contractors and Designers about what affect novation has on their working relationship. The objectives of the research were to highlight specific problems within the process of novation and recommend improvements to industry. To achieve this research in the form of a literature review, questionnaires and an interview with Contractors and a Designer was performed. The report recommendations are aimed at Clients to hold more pre-contract meetings with Contractors not just Designers, and understand the criteria a Contractor follows when appointing a Designer to ensure compatibility between parties when in Design and Build contract together. Acknowledgements I would like to express gratitude to the following people and organisations for their time, knowledge and support in assisting the in the successful completion of this research project: My final year Supervisor Dr Ron Craig of the Civil and Building Engineering Dept of Loughborough University, for constructive criticism and guidance throughout the process of developing the dissertation. HBG UK Ltd for using a lot of Commercial Managers, Design Co-ordinators, Legal Correspondents and Personnels time in completing the literature review and aiding in the data collection. The Commercial Manager of the second Contracting Company questioned The Architect questioned for his experience and opinions of the process of novation. Mr Andrew Moss for proof reading the final draft of this report and suggesting possible alterations. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to Subject The Design and Build form of J.C.T contract (please see chapter 4.0) has become more popular with construction Clients that employ Contractors to construct new buildings and/or renovate existing structures. The Authors research has shown that the percentage of contracts tendered for under a Design and Build form of J.C.T has increased over the last five years. In conjunction with this the traditional form of JCT contract has decreased in popularity with Clients. In many cases the designs which make up part of the contract between the Client and Contractor, under JCT Design and Build, are completed by a Design Team on behalf of the Client before the contract between the Client and Contractor is made. To ensure that the Contractor who successfully tenders for a project retains the Design Consultant that the Client employed prior to the contract being made it is sometimes necessary for a Client to novate (please see chapter 5) the design team across to the Contractor. The purpose of this report is to investigate into the problems, if any, with the process of novating a design team to a Contractor from the Client and suggest solutions. This report will also detail the affects on the working relationship between the Contractor and the Designer, and how novation either aids or hinders the working relationship 1.1.1 Aims of Chapter One To introduce the Dissertation subject area. The reasons behind the investigation of this Dissertation. To outline the work carried out and a description of the contents of the Dissertation. Detail a well constructed hypothesis that the investigation will either prove or disprove. To outline a guide to the report, and introduce each individual chapter. To detail the aims of the report and the objective that must be achieved to meet the aims. 1.2 Rationale behind I nvestigation The interest into the investigation of Are there always problems with novating a design team to a contractor? came about after the Authors industrial placement. While working on site for a Contractor on a J.C.T. Design and Build contract where the design team was novated it became apparent to the Author that there were many differences of opinions between the Designers and the Contracting Company. The main items of debate and disagreement between the Contractor and the Design Team were the Clients requirements. In the Authors experience there was a large difference of opinion of how design changes and/or variations should be treated between the Design Team and the Contractor. Whilst profit-driven Contractor seemed to always look for the cheapest and most cost effective way of bridging any design problem; where as the Design Team gave the impression that they were more concerned about the aesthetics of the design and the Clients design opinions rather than the buildability and cost. Many design variations that were requested by the Client, or those forced upon the Contractor were not always as the Contractor had specified to the Design Team. The Contractor felt that his time was wasted by the Consultant not designing elements as originally specified. The working relationship between the Contractor and the Designer seemed to deteriorate from the project start date, until beyond the design completion stage. After the Author had asked other members within the Contracting Company about the novation of a Designer to the Contractor it became apparent that the relationship between Contractor and Designer was similarly affected on other projects. The Author had discussions with the Client of the project he was placed on. The Client stated that more building work was being undertaken using the J.C.T. Design and Build form of contract as this reduces the risk to the client and/or the person funding the project. The Author found that under Design and Build more risk was placed on the Contractor, and that management techniques had to change to appropriately manage higher risk projects. He also realised that as more contracts were being made under the Design and Build form of contract with the Designers being novated to work for the contractor a greater knowledge of the subject area would be beneficial to the Author in the management of Design and Build contracts. 1.2.1 Originality of Thought The Author had discussions with his Supervisor before commencing the research about the subject matter. A hypothesis was agreed upon that gave the Author scope to research areas of the process of novation in design and build contracting that have not previously been discussed in an undergraduates research project for the Supervisor. The process of novation being used in the design and build contract has recently become popular with Clients. The aim of the research is to establish if Contractors and Designers have not yet fully adapted to the change and improvements in the working relationship between the parties must be made to ensure that they remain competitive and profitable. 1.3 Subject Definition Novation is a process in which [1]a contract between party A and party C is turned into a new contract between party B and party C. This process can only be achieved if all three parties agree that novation can take place. A Deed of Novation[2] is commonly used to terminate a contract between parties A and B, and then create a new contract between parties A and C. There are standard legal documents, blank deeds of novation, which are available as downloads from the internet, for example at (www.citysolicitors.org.uk/legal_activities as of 28/03/06). A deed of novation has been used for many years before it became popular with Clients in the construction design and build context. It is used in the sale of manufacturing companies, where components made are used by other larger companies. For example, the purchase of a windscreen wiper company by a new owner whilst retaining the commitment to an existing customer car manufacturer. Novation has many other wider applications other than construction; Porsche in their latest brochure[3] offer a novated lease for their new motor cars. In this case an Employee of a company (the lessee) signs a lease agreement with Porsche (the lessor). A Deed of Novation, then supplied by Porsche, is signed by Porsche, the Employee and the Employer. This then transfers the responsibility for the payment to the Employer. Novation is used in a construction context where the relationship between two parties has developed over time and the introduction of a third or new party is necessary. There then needs to be provision to contractually protect the existing parties in the relationship. 1.4 Report Intention The intention of this report is to investigate how the working relationship between the Contractor and the Designer novated to the Contractor from the Client could be improved to their mutual benefit, and to the benefit of the Client. However, the report may show that there is no improvement to be made, and that the process of novation as it presently stands is adequate. 1.4.1 Aims To identify clearly factors that may affect the relationship between the Contractor and the Designer under novation To discover any adverse characteristics that may cause a poor working relationship between the Contractor and the Designer To clearly understand the opinions of Designers and Contractors that has been involved with novation To understand the attitudes of Designers and Contractors towards novation To clearly understand the definition of novation and the context in which it is used within the construction industry To identify any differences in attitudes between Contracting Companies towards novation under a J.C.T. Design and Build contract To understand why Clients now prefer to use the Design and Build form of contract rather than the Traditional contracts they favoured to use To identify why Clients within construction novate the Design Team across to the Contractor 1.4.2 Objectives To highlight specific problems within the process of novation that requires improving To investigate how the process of novation may differ between contracts and/or with varying Clients To identify differences between the Contractors and Designers opinion of novation under the J.C.T. Design and Build Contract To highlight areas within construction where it is necessary to use novation in Design and Build contracts To advise the Contracting Companies of the most economic way of managing a Design Team that has been novated by a Client To identify if a Contractor and Designer have a better working relationship, i.e. have a greater understanding of each others objectives and needs, under a traditional contract rather than novation under a Design and Build Contract 1.4.3 Hypothesis The working relationship between Contractor and Designer is adversely affected by Novation. 1.5 Overview of Research Methodology The methodology of the research for this project will take the form of the following; please see the methodology in chapter three for a detailed discussion on the report methods used: A review of past and current literature concerning the background of novation within the construction industry. A review of specific literature concerning the working relationship of a Contractor and Designer. Discuss the definition of novation within construction, and where it is most commonly used in the industry. Design a questionnaire to send out to a selected Contractor and a Designer. Design an interview format and questions for a specific Contracting Company to answer on the subject of novation. Design an interview format and questions following the results of the previous interview to issue a separate questionnaire to a different Contracting Company to analyse company differences. Analyse results gathered in the interview to form a conclusion about the effect of novation in construction. Make suggestions or recommendations to the industry and Clients within the construction industry. 1.6 Overview of Main Conclusions The Authors completed research shows that there are ten factors that could adversely affect the working relationship between a Contractor and a Designer under a novation agreement. The Author found through analysing an interview and questionnaires completed by two Contractors and an Architect that the reasons for novation having an adverse influence on the working relationship of a Contractor and Designer were that: The time allowed for Contractor to Tender is not increased The loyalty of Designer to Client remains evident after novation to the Contractor There is usually a large distance between the Designers head office and the project Insufficient design fees are allocated at the tender stage There is an increased risk of error in design There could have been a previously poor working relationship between the parties The Designer may be inappropriate for the project The performance of the Designer is not consistent throughout the process of completing the design Novation is usually late or rushed from the Client There is an increased probability of conflict between the two parties The Author found that many of these factors were specific problems which could be attributed to the process of novation under a design and build project. Therefore, the results support the hypothesis of the research. However, additional research is required if the hypothesis is to be proven to be correct. 1.7 Guide to the Report Chapter One: Introduction This section introduces the study and outlines the hypothesis, aim and objectives of the research. It indicates the origin of the Authors interest in the subject, why the hypothesis was chosen, and describes the methodology that was followed. Chapter Two: Literature Review This section examines the literature research conducted by the Author. It is an investigation into the definition of novation, and describes where it is used within the construction industry. This section details the current view of the contractor in a novation agreement. Chapter Three: Methodology This section of the report describes the methodology which was used to conduct this research. It shows how the information was collected. It also includes the topics covered within the interview and the design of questionnaires that were employed. Chapter Four: Design and Build Contracts This section describes the forms of J.C.T. contract used and highlights the advantages and disadvantages to the Design and Build form of JCT contract. It provides an introduction into Design and Build and details the differences between the Employers Requirements and Contractors Proposals that are a key feature of the Design and Build contract. Chapter Five: Novation This section of the report describes in detail the uses of novation within a construction context. It gives a definition to the process of novation as used in a Design and Build situation. This chapter details the conflict of interest the Contractor and the Designers tend to experience due to novation. It illustrates the problems that may arise in the design, payment of design fees and the varying levels of the Consultants performance. Chapter Six:Analysis This section of the report is the analysis of the questionnaires sent to Clients within the building industry and their Project Managers and the Designers. It analyses the interviews conducted with the contractors and additional information gathered. Chapter Seven: Conclusion This section of the report presents the Authors conclusions based upon the findings within the analysis chapter of the report. It suggests solutions to the aims and objectives set out in the introduction, criticises the hypothesis around the report was based and highlights the possibility for further research. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The literature review is a comprehensive analysis of all relevant articles, books and publications to this research project. Derek Swetnam[4] describes the literature review as a report; That is central to the dissertation and in all styles of work it has a number of functions: It shows that you have read widely around your chosen topic It demonstrates your critical understanding of the theory It acknowledges that work of others It informs and modifies your own research The Literature review in this chapter is broken down into eight sub-headings. The chapter talks about the description of novation, then goes on to describe where novation is used today both in and outside the construction industry. The literature review describes the process of a Designer being novated to a Contractor. The final section of this chapter discusses and analyses in what way the literature which is reviewed is relevant to the Authors research project. 2.1.1 General Aims To break down the causes of the problem highlighted in the hypothesis into logical stages. To collect and analyse previous research and literature to further investigate the subject area of this project. To research any previously made recommendations. Make recommendations which have been concluded from a detailed literature review. 2.2 Aim of This Literature Review What is the description of Novation and in what context was it used before in construction? Where is Novation used today outside of construction and what is its main purpose? What other uses are there of Novation within construction other than a Designer being novated to a Contractor? When did Novation of a Designer to Contractor become popular with Clients in the construction industry? Have there been problems with the novation of a Design team to a Contractor in the past? When is Novation practical in construction contracts? What are the risks to the Contractor in the novation process? 2.3 Contents of Literature Review 2.3.1 Description of Novation David Janssens[5] stated that: Occasionally, an Employer may stipulate that the successful Contractor is to engage one or more of the Employers consultants to complete the design and detailing of the project in the post-contract stage. Such consultants are employed by Contractors under novation agreements, i.e. a novation agreement is a new agreement in substitution of a previous agreement between the Consultant and the Employer. Novation exists when an agreement or contract between two parties is going to be broken and a third party enters to take the place the agreed or contract role of the party which is leaving the agreement or contract. Novation can also exist when a third party enters into an agreement or contract without any other party leaving. Jeremy Hackett[6] stated that: Novation is a legal concept, formally providing for the re-employment of a Consultant by the Contractor, as part of the contract agreement between the Employer and Contractor. Should the Contractor merely choose to re-employ the same individuals who have previously sat the other side of the interview table from himself that would not be novation, but its effect would be very similar. 2.3.2 Uses for Novation. Novation is not only used within the construction industry, the use of novation in law is much more commonly used in the buying and selling of manufacturing companies. In this context a novation agreement maybe drawn up by lawyers of a manufacturing company which intends to sell to buyer whilst still retaining the same business clientele. In this instance a customer of the business being sold would be novated across to the new buyer of the business, this ensures that the customer can always source what ever item the new buyer manufactures. Ann Arbor[7] Stated that: A hospital in Texas is taking electronic commerce beyond purchase orders and usage reports to adoption of digital contract management. The sooner hospitals are able to sign up to participate in new contracts, the sooner they are able to access contract pricing. Using the enhanced form management program, materials managers can submit forms online where suppliers can approve them, also online. In this example a hospital in Texas is using the agreement of novation over the internet to sign up for new contracts much faster than it was able to previously. This has benefited materials managers the most as they are able to source cheaper or higher quality materials from differing suppliers and simply transfer the agreement they have with one supplier to another using novation. 2.3.3 Alternative uses of Novation within construction. The section above discusses how different forms of novation are implemented in areas other than the construction industry. However, within the realms of construction there are many more uses for the novation agreement to be used. The use of novation within construction has only been commonly used during the past decade or so, the main reason for this is the introduction of the JCT Design and Build Contract which made the novation of Designer to the Contractor much easier for the Client. Before the introduction of Design and Build Contract novation was present in the same format it exists today in other industries as mentioned above. If during the construction process a Client was unable to fund any further necessary works and there was a willing buyer to stand in for the Client, it may be in the interest of the entering party to continue to use the existing Contractor. The easiest and least time consuming way to do this would be using the Novation agreement. The second way in which novation occurred in a construction context before the introduction of the Design and Build Contract was if the Contractor was suffering from financial issues or the relationship between himself and the Client has been irreparably affected in someway. If a situation like this occurred it was beneficial for the Client to take on board a new Contractor through a novation agreement. This removed the necessity for the remaining works to be re-tendered, and the likelihood that the Client would have to pay an excess for the works to be completed. 2.3.4 When did novation become popular with Clients Jim Smith[8] stated that: The choice of a procurement method is probably the single most important decision the client makes, other than the decision to build. The various procurement methods can be described, as defined by Masterman (2002), under these three distinct categories: Separated and co-operative. Integrated. Management orientated. In the last few years and particularly within the past decade the procurement methods for contractors have been moving away from the more traditional contracts as described above. The change to a procurement method which uses the second and third categories above has largely been Client-driven; the main reason for this is that the Contractor has to accept a high level of risk if he is to tender successfully for a project. As more design development has been shifted across to the Contractor it is becoming easier and more cost effective for the Client to shift higher levels of risk to the Contractors. The Design and Build contract and all its variations have expanded considerably to accommodate a Clients needs in recent times. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) [9] in 2000 stated that: Design and build and its variations have expanded considerably in the last decade. It has increased dramatically in the 1990s going from a 10 percent share during the 1980s up to a 35 percent share of the construction procurement market, with management contracting declining to a 10 percent share. Chan stated[10] that: 21% of private Clients in the UK use the Design and Build system, of which 42% commonly use Design-Novate and Construct for their projects. Design-Novate and Construct has also been widely adopted in Australia and Hong Kong. David Jaggar[11] Stated that: The major advantages of design and build are that all the risks, both financial and period for completion, are transferred to the design and build contractor, with the client only dealing with one organisation, so eliminating the complexities and frustrations of dealing with a range of separate organisations. The approach also overcomes the problem of the separation of design and construction, so saving overall time and allowing the design to reflect improved buildability in the construction solution. The argument against this is that a Contractor may be taking a higher percentage of higher risk projects. However, as a Client is off loading a lot more risk than what was traditionally not possible in the past they are able to fund much more projects and engage a lot more designers. The result of this is that the Contractor has more work to tender for and a much higher chance of winning projects as more tenders will be processed. 2.3.5 Issues arising from using Novation in construction. Jim Smith[12] stated that: There is considerable debate as to the merits and demerits of the approach and it is fair to say that many design professionals were unhappy about the approach, not least because there was a reduction in their own influence and independence. However, a valid view put forward, which undoubtedly design and build suffered from in the 1980s, was that the quality of the final building was often inferior and the role of design was devalued, as the design and build contractors shaped the design to suit their particular methods of construction. More recent views from clients noted above indicate that they were satisfied with the quality of their completed design build projects. The Design Manager of a Contracting Company plays a critical role in the development of design to determine a contract value for a project. The role involves being able to balance cost and quality and time constraints within a framework. This is an essential skill for all Design Managers or Project Co-ordinators. The Design Manager will work closely with the Commercial Manager at the tender stage of a Design and Build contract when novation of the Design team is being used by the Client. It is crucial that both managers work together to reduce the amount of design and financial risk the contractor will have to carry through the contract period if the tender submission is to be successful. Allinson[13] states that: The developments in the construction industry, the continuing specialisation of professions and the rising application of alternative procurement methods have all contributed to the gap between design and management, but they have also emphasised the need for a design professional with management and technological skills. The management of the process should ensure a successful and deliverable project When Design and Build contracts first became widely used by Clients in the 1990s Contractors tended to manage the building works in the same way they managed traditional contracts. Here a Project Manager was responsible for the development of the construction and concluding the outstanding design issues as well as resolving any building sites day-to-day issues. Project Managers were supported by a number of other managers such as Services Engineers, Site Management and Quantity Surveyors. Jim Smith[14] states that: However, a single reporting source on all aspects of design and cost has not always benefited the client, contractor or the project. Projects have been organised in a very flat structure with numerous lines of responsibility reporting directly to the project manager. The larger projects would have over half a dozen separate factions directly beneath the project manager, including the above stated managers, structure coordinators, documentation managers, tendering coordinators, contract administration, project administration and occupation health safety and rehabilitation (OHSR). In practice, this structure has proved to be an inefficient and ineffective form of management on many projects.

The One Scene That Sealed Titanic’s Fate Essay

Titanic is thought to be one of the most iconic films to ever hit theaters. According to the film industry, the film by James Cameron falls into the realm of an epic romance/disaster genre. Released in 1997, Titanic was an international box office sensation, due to the director providing equal importance to history, fiction, and romance. The film is set in April of 1912, where Jack Dawson played by Leonardo DiCaprio and Rose DeWitt Bukater played by Gloria Stuart and Kate Winslet share a love story that cannot be broken. The movie also gives a historical overview of what happened that dreadful night. This critical analysis of the film Titanic provides an overview that the innovative mode of storytelling (flash back and other techniques) can portray both a love story and the historical background while using a dissolve editing method, in which â€Å"the end of one shot gradually merges into the beginning of the next. The effect is produced by superimposing a fade-out onto a fade-in o f equal length of imposing one scene over another† (Petrie and Boggs 160). This editing effect was used at the beginning of the movie, in which at 21:03, the wreckage of the Titanic is seamlessly and effortlessly transformed into the beautiful masterpiece of a ship that it once was. This effect is also used when Jack and Rose are standing together â€Å"flying† on the edge of the Titanic, later to be transformed back into the ship wreck. This scene brings the audience back into the present and shocks them back into the harsh reality that the scene was merely a memory from Rose, and no longer the reality (Titanic1997). The editing in Titanic is truly remarkable, bringing the audience from the future into the past, shocking the audience by showing both first-class and lower-class struggles, and showing not only the love story between Rose and Jack, but the life and death of the Titanic and the two thousand people aboard. Through the use of other film techniques such as editing and camera work, set design, imagery and color, James Cameron created one of the most influential and moving works of art the film world has seen. The editing style and technique brings new life to the cinematography world, and â€Å"rejects the norms of modern Hollywood style† (Butka). In all film elements, visual effects, cinematography, color palette, editing, sound design, and music, contributes to the film as a whole. Cameron, â€Å"who has been pushing the boundaries of the Hollywood classical cinema since The Terminator, finally reached a career high point with Titanic’s synthesis of compelling storytelli ng and dexterous style and technique† (Butka) Visual effects, color, imagery, and set design play an important role in all forms of movie and television. These elements are the core foundation of the overall feeling that the audience experiences when watching a particular film. One particular element of film that impacts the story line is the setting of the scenery. Setting may â€Å"often seem unobtrusive or be taken for granted, it is an essential ingredient in any story and makes an important contribution to the theme of total effect of the film† (Petrie and Boggs 82). The setting of a film should be carefully analyzed because of the effects it has on the interrelationships of the characters, plot, and overall general feeling that the movie brings out in its audience. In Titanic, the setting plays a major role in the fact that the first class citizens were held to a higher standard that the lower class citizens. This set the mood for the rest of the film and sets up the segregation that separates Jack and Rose. The col ors also provide a strict divide between the upper and lower classes aboard the Titanic. The royalty wore brighter, more vibrant colors, as well as more flashy materials, whereas the lower class wore much more torn clothing, all of which were dark and dirty colors. These elements ultimately set the tone for the rest of the movie, and would be a constant struggle for Rose and Jack to keep their bond strong. James Cameron put an emphasis on the difference between these classes in order to give the audience the sense of segregation. James Cameron is a critically acclaimed film director known for some of the biggest box-office hits of all time. A science-fiction fan as a child, Cameron â€Å"went on to produce and direct films including The Terminator, Aliens and Avatar. He has received numerous Academy Awards and nominations for his often large-scale, expensive productions† (Biography Editors). His most noted work, 1997’s Titanic, became the first film â€Å"to earn more than $1 billion and landed 14 Academy Award nominations. Cameron took home three Oscars himself for the project: Best Director, Best Film Editing and Best Picture† (Biography Editors). To re-create one of the greatest disasters at sea in history, â€Å"James Cameron had a special studio built in Mexico, which featured a 17-million-gallon water tank and the 775-foot replica of the Titanic,† this proved to help the film be a successful blockbuster hit (Biography Editors). James Cameron’s techniques used in Titani c became immensely popular as the film became popular. Cameron’s own â€Å"documentary urge was so intense, that he created new diving and photographic equipment – at an extraordinary expense for his studio – to achieve textural authenticity by recording and presenting the eighty-five-year-old wreck of his subject. The film, then, like so many other fictional films, says the ultimate compliment to the documentary form: Cameron uses the real thing to inform his reel thing† (Petrie and Boggs 468). The main purpose behind editing a film is to keep the film in continuous motion, regardless if the time periods switch rapidly, much like in Titanic, where Rose goes from being a seventeen year old girl, to a one-hundred year old woman explaining the history of the Titanic as she remembers it. The editing techniques that were used were ultimately used to shock the audience through â€Å"sudden, jarring cuts between the third- and first-class, [which] build the antithesis between the classes and accentuate the conflicts. Some of the examples include: the cut between the steer get berthing space when Jack and Fabrizio (Danny Nucci) first arrive on the ship and Cal’s private promenade deck; the cut between Rose and Jack dancing in the steerage party scene and the first-class smoking lounge (which is such an abrupt change of atmosphere and energy that it comes as quite a cinematic shock to the viewers); the cut between the flooding in the steerage with rats on the run and the pro priety of a first-class corridor that does not even hint at the impending tragedy† (Butka). Throughout the movie, the film consists of scenes mainly from the Jack and Rose era, however in the beginning of the film, the director made use of flashback technique to unearth the romantic story of the lovers in the film. To be specific, the plot moves from present condition (say, 1996) to past (say, 1912) and to present (1996). In the opening scene, the director portrays the effort of Brock Lovett (say, a treasure hunter) to unearth the secret behind a necklace sunk with RMS Titanic in 1912. Gradually, the director portrays the love affair between Rose and Jack. In the end, Rose drops the necklace into the Ocean and returns. The film ends with a fictional reunion between the lovers. Dissolves are very important to the film, â€Å"particularly those between different time periods, and even fades are used occasionally to mark important points in the film (e.g., when Rose finishes her story)’ (Butka) Cameron also uses â€Å"establishing shots regularly, thus preserving a locale orientation for the viewers: not only do we always know exactly where we are, but these establishing shots also help us grasp the ship’s enormous dimensions† (Butka). Even in the period section of the film, â€Å"there is a separation between two distinct photographic styles: â€Å"In the first part, the camerawork is rather polite, graceful and even eloquent. [Carpenter] was trying to reinforce the opulence and beauty of the time with lighting,† (Butka). This eloquent style gives a feeling of tranquility and perfection to the first class shipmates, providing deep segregation to the boat, thus bringing about the conflict of Jack and Rose’s love. This camera and editing style let the audience feel the same way that the characters were feeling, eloquent and fashionable. When looking at the color of the first class section of the boat, â€Å"there is also use of amber, a color Ca meron has not used before; in addition, the first-class sections of the ship are even more colorful, which is undeniably helped by the exquisite costuming† (Butka). In the second part of the film, the camera work and editing becomes much more violent and choppy, showing the struggle the passengers endured as the ship hit the iceberg and ultimately began to sink. The camerawork â€Å"quickly loses that polite edge and segues into this very kinetic, sometimes violent movement. It’s jarring and bumpy, which suggests the panic of the situation. This is a point that Cameron, Carpenter, and Muro worked on together; later in the film, initial smooth and refined camera movements transform into â€Å"less elegant and more nervous. There’s a lot more handheld work and Steadicam, and its rough† (Butka). The overall production of the Titanic came at quite a cost but was a tremendous success, to say the least. Titanic’s production was a â€Å"famously difficult and complex one, a shoot on an almost unprecedented scale which featured tough technical challenges and which was overseen by a director who knew exactly what he wanted and who demanded the utmost from everyone until he got it, but it was a tough journey to get there† (Braund). Production of the film began in 1995, when â€Å"Cameron shot footage of the real wreck of the RMS Titanic. He envisioned the love story as a means to engage the audience with the real-life tragedy. A shooting took place on board the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh — which aided Cameron in filming the real wreck — for the modern scenes, and a reconstruction of the ship was built at Playas de Rosarito, Baja California. Cameron also used scale models and computer-generated imagery to recreate the sinking. At the time†, the pict ure became the most expensive film ever made, costing approximately US$200 million with funding from Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox (Butka). â€Å"Principal photography for Titanic began in July 1996 at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. In September 1996, the production moved to the newly built Fox Baja Studios in Rosarito, Mexico, where a full-scale RMS Titanic had been constructed (Marsh). Special effects played an important role in how the movie filmed. Many critics were skeptical about how Cameron would portray such a disastrous scene, including the deaths of all of the people aboard the ship. Cameron then went on to say that †the people were all computer graphics. The way we did it was, we had people act out all of those individual behaviors in what we call a ’motion capture environment.’ So, a steward pouring tea for a lady seated on a deck chair – that was all acted out and then that motion file was used to drive and animate those figures. The end result is like you said: We pull back down the full length of Titanic, and you see 350 people all over the decks, doing all those different things. The same technique was used for the sinking when you see hundreds of people on the ship jumping off or rolling down the decks† (Ebert). Cameron also did not want to cut corners in regards to the props and sets used. In addition to the life-size model of the Titanic, Cameron also had â€Å"construction crews build two huge water tanks. One was 90 foot deep and over 800 foot wide in which the model could slowly sink into 17 million gallons of water fed directly from the Pacific Ocean. The second tank was 30 foot deep. It contained 5 million gallons of water and housed the elegant first class dining saloon and the three story Grand Staircase† (Titanic and Co). One of the most impressive interior sets was the recreation of the famed Grand Staircase— the most famous room Titanic contained. Additionally, the Staircase, â€Å"as mentioned by one of the film crew personnel, ended up acting almost as a character in the film, due to it being the location of several pivotal scenes, including the ending scene. Interestingly, the staircase presented in the film is slightly larger than the one on the real ship. The reason for this was because people in 1912 were shorter than they are today. As a result, the staircase was scaled up to make the actors look smaller† (IMDB). For the exterior shots of the ship sinking, the almost â€Å"full-scale ship was placed in a 3 foot deep, 17 million gallon tank and tilted using a crane. For the interior shots of the sinking ship, the sets were enclosed in a 5 million gallon tank and again tilted in the water using a crane. This was the method used for the Grand Staircase. However, to make the destru ction of the Grand Staircase more dramatic, Cameron and his team dropped 90,000 gallons of water onto it. Because the Staircase would be destroyed, there would be only one attempt to get it right. Unexpectedly, the massive volume of water ripped the Staircase from its steel-reinforced foundations, collapsing certain sections of it† (IMDB). This destruction of the stair case was relatively dramatic and saddening to the characters and audience because it had become such a vital work of art in the movie. These stairs were much more than just stairs; they were the place in which Jack fell in love with Rose, the place Rose and Jack embraced in their final kiss in the final scene; a true masterpiece that had become one of the characters, gone in an instant. Roger Ebert became â€Å"film critic of the Chicago Sun-Times in 1967. He is the only film critic with a star on Hollywood Walk of Fame and was named honorary life member of the Directors’ Guild of America. He won the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Screenwriters’ Guild, and honorary degrees from the American Film Institute and the University of Colorado at Boulder† (Ebert). He then went on to interview James Cameron on his success and struggles with the making of the Titanic. The footage of the sunken ship was mainly real footage of the actual sunken Titanic. James Cameron believed that in order for the movie to have a more authentic feel, that he should take actual film himself with his own camera. Cameron wasn’t content to buy footage from documentaries about the search for the Titanic; he shot the film’s undersea footage himself, new for this film: †It’s all our own. I made the dives and operated the camera and we lit it and every thing† (Ebert) Cameron then went on to explain the struggles that appeared when creating the interior of the Titanic. â€Å"It’s consistent with what Titanic looks like† Cameron mentioned. â€Å"We couldn’t explore the whole interior of the ship. We could only get a glimpse into some areas. We went down some corridors to the D-deck level and saw a lot of the remaining hand-carved woodwork, the wall-paneling, and the beautiful ornate carved doors. A lot of it is still there. It’s very, very cold, which helps preserve things. There are marine organisms that will eat wood, but in certain areas the wood was covered with white-leaded paint that protected Titanic† (Ebert). As morbid as it sounds, it was important to display the fear and anguish on the faces of the people trapped on and inside the sinking vessel. Even though this was a Romeo and Juliet type of love story, the overwhelming message was to portray the absolute disaster the Titanic was and to show the terror on the faces of those involved. Cameron goes on to say that many died in terror, you know, when you look at the numbers, if you were a third class male on Titanic you stood a 1-in-10 chance of survival. If you were a first class female, it was virtually a 100 percent survival rate. It broke down along lines of gender and class. If you were a first-class male, you stood about a 50-50 chance of survival. And the crew took it hardest.† Of the 1,500 who died, 600 or 700 of them were crew members. The people who stayed in the dynamo room and the engine room, to keep the lights on so that the evacuation would not become panicked – who stayed till the end and missed their opportun ity to leave the ship – that’s something you’d see less of today† (Ebert). This just goes to show that Cameron felt very passionate about the way he needed to portray this type of despair in his movie, and in order to do that he needed have the film crew work extremely hard in order to portray that same anguish. †That was our most dangerous work,† Cameron said. †The stunt team worked for weeks in advance, videotaping each one of those stunts and rehearsing it and showing me the tapes. It was all intensely pre-planned and the set was made about 50 percent out of rubber at that point, all padded up. But there’s always an X-factor. We had 6,000 stunt person days on this film – the equivalent of one man doing stunts seven days a week for 16 years. But it was all happening at once. We did have a guy break his leg, which I hated. I don’t think anybody should get hurt for a film. So I decided to do more of it with computer graphics† (Ebert). This made it more apparent that special effects had to be made more in order to keep the cast and crew safe. Therefore, the scene in which the Titanic is actually sinking was almost entirely CGI when the camera was sweeping over the boat in a birds eye view. Cameron goes on to talk about the importance of human nature and how the story of Titanic is iconic not because of the class struggles, but once tragedy strikes, we are all on the same level fighting for survival. Cameron goes on to state that the â€Å"great lesson of Titanic for us, going into the 21st century,† he said, † is that the inconceivable can happen. Those people lived in a time of certainty; they felt they had mastered everything – mastered nature and mastered themselves. But they had mastered neither. A thousand years from now Titanic will still be one of the great stories. Certainly, there have been greater human tragedies during this century, but there’s something poetically perfect about Titanic, because of the laying low of the wealthy and the beautiful people who thought life would be infinite and perfect for them.† What would you have done? Anyone seeing this movie, I said, will have to ask them this question: Would I have fought t o get on a lifeboat? Would I have pushed a woman or a child out of the way? Or would I have sat down in the lounge and called for a brandy, like Guggenheim, and faced the inevitable with grace† (Ebert)? In conclusion, Titanic taught the general public that the human race is not invincible and that nature does not care whether you are rich or poor, perfect or imperfect, or nothing at all. Through the masterful works of camera angles, visual imagery, editing, and specific scenery, director and writer James Cameron was able to recreate the tragedy of the unsinkable Titanic through the camera lens. Cameron was able to display the struggles of love, life, death, and historical understanding through the eyes of Jack and Rose, and through the magic of filmmaking, teach an incredible lesson that will live on through eternity.