The History Of Construction Waste Minimization Environmental Sciences Essay

The History Of Construction Waste Minimization Environmental Sciences EssayChapter two is a review of contemporaneous writings related to the topic. It will explain how authors perceive Construction tout recycling method for thieve minimization purposes. The literature review will in addition discuss about the underpinning theory, what is known and unknown about the topic. It will also discuss about what various researchers have done in the past, especially in the ara of spin redundancy recycling method for waste minimization purposes.2.2 BACKGROUNDMuch of the waste stream going to land encounter consists of solid waste from the device and demolition of creates. Waste minimisation strategies have been popular for some era in the aspect industry. This paper considers the effect of these strategies on one case study. Sourcing solids with recycled sate in terms of bodily ability and cost is suggested as the next phase of environmental management in formulation.Many stu dies measure waste from construction sites on the basis of either volume or mass, to gauge the effect on disposal costs (Johnston and Minks, 1995 Graham and Smithers, 1996 Faniran and Caban, 1998). This does not give the best admiration of the problem in terms of the environment. The savings from using materials with recycled content potentiometer be best measured in terms of the environment by considering their embodied energy (Thormark, 2000).Embodied energy represents 10-40 times the annual operational energy of most Australian residential buildings, depending upon building design, climate construction systems, equipment type, fuel sources and building usage patterns. Each year in Australia, the embodied energy utilise in construction is approximately equal to the annual operational energy of the create stock, and together they make up 30-40 per cent of national energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.There atomic number 18 several problems with existing embodied energy anal ysis methods, which include dish up analysis, input-output analysis and hybrid analysis. Process analysis, while accurate for particular processes, often ignores a large number of small to speciality processes. Input-output analysis, despite its many inherent errors, is used because of its unique property of systemic completeness. Errors for process analysis selective information are approximately 10 per cent (Boustead and Hancock, 1979), and for input-output data errors are approximately 50 per cent (Miller and Blair, 1985). Hybrid analysis methods attempt to reduce the errors inherent in each of the two previous methods. There are two types one based on the process analysis framepiece of work and the early(a)wise based on the input-output framework. For the hybrid analysis methods, errors vary between these rates, depending upon the combine of process and input-output data.2.3 Construction WasteConstruction waste can be divided into three principal categories namely material, labour, and machinery waste. However, material wastage is given more resuscitate because most of the raw materials used in construction industry come from non-re juvenileable resources(Ekanayake and Offori, 2000).construction waste is defined as the difference between the value of those materials delivered and pass judgment on site and those used properly as specified and accurately measured in the work, after deducting the cost saving of substituted materials and those transferred elsewhere (Peng and Tan, 1998).Similarly, the Building enquiry Establishment (BRE) has defined building waste as the difference between materials ordered and those placed for fixing on building jobs (Skoyles and Skoyles, 1987).Recently, for the purpose of evaluation of the construction material waste sources, Ekanayake and Offori (2000) have given a broader definition of the construction waste as any material, apart from earth materials, which need to be transported elsewhere from the construction sit e or used within the construction site itself for the purpose of land filling, incineration, recycling, reusing or composting, other than the intended specific purpose of the project callable to material damage, excess, non-use, or non-compliance with the specifications or being a by-product of the construction process.2.3.1 Definition of construction wasteConstruction waste is anything generated as a result of construction and then abandoned, regardless of whether it has been svelte or stockpiled. It comprises surplus materials from site clearance, excavation, construction, refurbishment, renovation, demolition and road works. There are two types of construction wasteInert construction wasteNon-inert construction wasteNon-inert construction waste is around 20% of the total and usually comprises bamboo, timber, vegetation, packaging waste and other organic materials. Some of these can be recycled while others are disposed of at landfills. In contrast, inert waste otherwise known as public fill mainly includes construction debris, rubble, earth, bitumen and concrete, which can be used for land formation. Materials like concrete and asphalt can also be recovered for construction use.Wastes can be defined as all wastes in solid form which are discarded as useless or unwanted and in world(a) arise from human activities. Construction wastes are wastes generated from building, demolition and refurbishment works for individual housing, commercial building or other structures. (Peavy et al., 1985)2.4 Construction waste minimizationWaste minimization is a waste management approach that focuses on reducing the amount and toxicity of speculative waste that is generated. In addition to hazardous wasted regulated under RCRA, the EPA encourages waste minimization techniques that focus on preventing waste from ever being created, (source reduction) and recycling. there are three general methods of waste minimization source reduction, recycling, and treatment.2.4.1 Step s of waste minimizationReduce consumption of resources by building smaller houses that are better designed for your needs. This is the most utile direction to conserve precious resources for use by future generations and reduce waste. It also lowers costs.Re-use existing buildings and materials and reduce demand for resources, lower waste volumes and save money. Dont break down Deconstruct, give old buildings new lives.Recycle resources that are left over or have reached the end of their useful life. This will reduce demand for new materials and lower the volume of waste going to landfill. sending building material to landfill is like throwing money in the bin.Use renewable resources like sustainably managed forests. This creates a sustainable economy and helps conserve non-renewable resources use materials with high recycled content to create a market for recycled resources. It will raise the price paid by recyclers for recovered resources and ontogeny the viability of recycli ng.2.4.2 LandfillOur traditional means of waste disposal (landfill) is uneconomic. Costs to communities for operating and maintaining landfill sites are high and availability of suitable land is limited.Re-use options for landfill sites are extremely limited due to potential health hazards. Remedial action is often prohibitively expensive.Emissions and leachate from landfill sites can be highly toxic due to concentrations of heavy metals and toxic chemicals. These toxins find their way into the water table and/or waterways, often with disastrous consequences.We must reduce waste volumes going to landfill and remove toxic content from materials before disposal. Using other option then sending to landfill. .2.4.3 Why prevent waste and recycle?2.4.3.1 Reduce CostsRecycling, reusing salvaged building materials and minimizing materials and packaging reduces waste disposal costs and material expenses.2.4.3.2 Marketing OpportunityThe companys experience in waste prevention and recycling ca n be an essential marketingTool to the growth number of potential clients interested in participating in the Leed andBuild green building programs.2.4.3.3 Tax DeductionWhen you hire a deconstruction helping to remove reusable building materials, the client canTake a tax deduction when they donate the materials to a nonprofit organization.2.5 Construction Waste counselingConstruction Waste Management is the practice of reducing the actual waste that go to the dump site. Waste reduction is best met by recycling and construction wastes do offer a lot of opportunities for recycling. In fact, 80% of the wastes found in construction trash heaps are recyclable, one way or another. Wood, asphalt, concrete, bricks, metals, glass and even paint do offer several options for recycling.There are three basic steps for construction waste management. They are Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. Reduce is basically preventing waste from appearing. So it helps if those building materials come in with pre proposalned sizes.2.5.1 Construction waste management strategiesFour main construction waste management strategies were identified from the literature (Gavilan and Bernold, 1994 Peng et al., 1997 Faniran and Caban, 1998). They werereuseavoid or reductionrecycling anddisposal.Among these three strategies, avoiding waste which infers elimination or minimization of waste, has been given the highest priority as it requires the least resources other than planning and designing skills. Developing a waste minimization culture in the construction industry may be the initial process of a minimization strategy (Teo and Loosemore, 2001 McDonald and Smithers, 1998). Reuse refers to simply moving materials from one application to another. The third option is recycling and construction waste recycling is a process of separation and recycling of recoverable waste materials generated during construction and remodelling. Composting has also begun to emerge as a new application of an ancient technol ogy, where organic land-clearing debris is processed to produce humus for soil treatment (Ekanayake, 2000). Further, incineration is another process of destroying waste material by burning it and, while once regarded as a hardheaded method of disposing of hazardous waste materials, it has of late, become controversial for many reasons such as the fact that it creates toxic gas and ash, which can harm local populations and choke off groundwater. Disposal or land filling is the lowest in the hierarchy.Since reduction was identified as the most effective strategy for waste management, several techniques used in construction can be recommended as waste reduction initiatives. Off-site construction technology (dry construction) was highlighted in the literature. For instance, using pre-cast elements one could eliminate 30 per cent to 40 per cent of wastage on building construction sites (Poon et al., 2004b). In addition, there are many advantages of pre-cast element manufacturing such a s saving time and overall cost, due to enabling concurrent different production lines increasing constructability and reducing congestion on site due to changing from an uncontrollable work environment on site to a controllable one in factories (Benjaoran and Dawood, 2004). Therefore, the present paper attempts to identify how effective the use of pre-cast elements in building projects are in construction to minimize construction waste.2.5.2 Insufficient regulationsThe importance of complete regimenal regulations for supporting construction and demolition waste management has been extensively investigated. For example, although the Hong Kong government has implemented various types of regulations to minimize construction and demolition waste production, it is found by Tam (2008a) that the mandatory system in implementing the waste management plan for all construction projects would significantly affect the productivity of companies. This is echoed by the study from Shen and Tam (20 02), suggesting that legal measures are not effective for implementing environmental management in Hong Kong construction. In all the regulations in Bulgaria, construction and demolition waste is mentioned jointly with municipal waste and the majority of measures envisaged are aimed at the improvement of municipal waste management (Hadjieva-Zaharieva et al., 2003). It is also reported by Kartam et al. (2004) that clear regulations and rules from Kuwait Municipality are lacking for allowing and persuading contractors to use recycled products made from construction and demolition waste.

Early Attempts on Gene Modification

Early Attempts on Gene ModificationGene Modification Using Virus as VehicleIn 1974, a agentticist studied the subprogram of a virus as a vehicle for gene therapy by injecting a gene-modified SV40 virus into early mouse embryonic cells. There were 2 unanticipated findings (1) Even though the viral genes were present in the cells of the newborn mice, the delivery of the viral genes into sperm and eggs was extremely inefficient and (2) The expression of the viral genes was entirely shut down, resulting in an inert gene that did not make RNA or protein.After this setback, there were no major advances in gene therapy for a decade, until biologists discovered embryonic stem cells, or ES cells, in 1981.Gene Modification Using Embryonic Stem CellsA stem cell is a cell that can (1) make up rise to other functional cell types, such as nerve cells or skin cells, through differentiation and (2) reform itself i.e., divide to evoke more stem cells. Most stem cells live in particular organs and tissues and can only produce special types of cells. Stems cells in the bone marrow, for example, can only produce blood cells. But embryonic stem cells, which live in the inner sheath of an beings embryo, are pluripotent, i.e., they can give rise to every cell type in the organism. ES cells also possess some unusual characteristics (1) they can be isolated from the embryo of an organism and grown in Petrie dishes in the lab (2) they can be frozen in vials and thawed back to life (3) the cells can be propagated in liquified broth for generations and (4) genes can be inserted into their genome or excised from their genome with relative ease.Using stem cells, a scientist could incorporate a genetically-modified gene permanently into the genome of an animal to form transgenic animals. In early 1990s, hundreds of strains of transgenic mice had been created in laboratories around the world to decipher the functions of genes. With gene alterations, one mouse would grow in the dark under blue lamps others would develop Alzheimers disease, epilepsy, or premature aging. In 2014, researchers created a mouse carrying a mutation in a gene that control the communication between neurons in the brain. These mice have substantially increased memory and superior cognitive function.Much of the work on ES cells including transgenic modification of embryos had been done using mouse cells. Could this technique be use for humans? In the early 1990s, when human ES cells were derived from early human embryos, scientists found appear that human ES cells did not behave in culture. You bank clone them. You cant use them for gene targetingThey are very different from mouse ES cells, which can do everything. So the transgenic modification of human embryos was out of the question for a while.Gene Therapy Trial for adenosine deaminase DeficiencyAdenosine deaminase (adenosine deaminase) deficiency is caused by mutations in the ADA gene, depleting the T-cells, resulting in the col lapse of the immune system. The only interposition is to the use of a medicine called PEG-ADA, which has to be injected into the blood every month.In 1990, a team of gene therapists, led by William Anderson and Michael Blaese, used variants of retroviral vectors to deliver the ADA gene into children with ADA deficiency. The plan was to put the virus into the T cells taken from the blood of ADA patients, and delivered the cells back into the blood of the patients. The T-cells might live just dour enough to make the ADA protein and correct the deficiency. Although the T cells would fade from the blood, the procedure could be repeated.In September, 1990, with the approval of the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, Anderson and Blaese performed the gene-therapy trial on devil children with ADA deficiency. Did the gene-therapy experiment work? We do not know and perhaps we will never know, because both patients were allowed continued treatment with PEG-ADA. Any effect of the gene the rapy was confounded by that medicine.Gene Therapy Trial for over-the-counter(a) DeficiencyOTC deficiency is a hereditary disorder caused by the mutation in a single gene involved in metabolism. The mutation causes accumulations of ammonia in the blood, damaging blood vessels and cells, resulting in the slow poisoning of neurons in the brain.In 1993, two pediatricians in Pennsylvania, Mark Batshaw and James Wilson, experimented with gene therapy to cure children with OTC deficiencies. The form of therapy that Wilson and Batshaw had in mind was more radical than the protocol used by Anderson and Blaese for ADA deficiency. Batshaw and Wilson would create a virus carrying the OTC gene and deliver the virus into the liver through the bloodstream, leaving the virus to infect cells in situ. The virus-infected liver cells would produce the OTC enzyme, correcting the enzyme deficiency. In the summer of 1993, Batshaw and Wilson injected the modified adenovirus into mice and shirks. The mous e experiments worked as predicted, but the monkey experiments were more complicated some monkeys had liver failure and one monkey died. Wilson and Batshaw changed the virus, and reduced the potential human dose to ensure the safety of the virus. In 1997, they received the approval of the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee to perform the trial on patients with mild variants of OTC. On the morning of September 13, 1999, Jesse Gelsinger, an eighteen-year-old patient with mild variants of OTC, received the viral injection. Jesse died on the fourth day after the gene delivery.Investigation into the OTC TrialA postmortem the OTC trial reveal a damming pattern of incompetence, blunders, and neglect, compounded by fundamental gaps in knowledge. An analysis of Jesses blood at autopsy found antibodies highly reactive to the virus dating back even before the viral injection. The hyperactive immune response, which was possibly triggered by a prior exposure to a common cold, had spiraled out of control for unknown reasonsIn January, 2000, when the FDA inspected twenty-eight other trials, nearly half of them required immediate bettering action. Justifiably alarmed, the FDA shut down nearly all the trials.

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Chad The Bahamas, it was a trip of a lifetime. I went there with my girlfriend and a couple of another(prenominal) friends. We were all nervous because it was the first time any of us have flown. We finally got a chance to start boarding, after we arrived at the airport atomic number 23 hours early. Before boarding, we had to show the airport attendants our birth certificate. When I went to show them my birth certificate, they wouldnt let me board because mine was a copy and not the original. Luckily, after waiting for twenty minutes, they made a few calls and let me go.As we flew over the ocean the water was crystal clear and the sky was beautiful. I couldnt wait to get there, but after two and a half hours, we finally arrived in Nassau, Bahamas. We got off the plane and the weather was beautiful, it was 90 degrees and sunny. We walked in, got our luggage and had to go through customs. We went outside caught our bus and off we went to our regress. When arrived there everyone was very nice and respectful.Our first day their we planned to take a boat over to the Atlantis resort on Paradise, Island. The Atlantis is a resort known to have movie stars and athletes stay. I was only twenty years old when we went there, so I have never been to a casino. We all got to gamble, and I won $300 playing blackjack, it was a blast. The resort also had an underground aquarium with sharks and lots of other odd feel fish.The next few days we sat around the resort and went parasailing, and lots of other activities. Parasailing was an adrenaline rush and probably one of the funnier things I had through with(p) in my life. We also went downtown Nassau and that is where they have a big flea market. The flea market had a lot of neat and different things down there. We spent the unscathed day downtown and later that night went out to a few dance clubs.The last two days we were there a hurricane was roaring in, dapple we were trying to get out.

The Cycle of Technology Integration Essay -- Education Teaching

The Cycle of technology Integration The cycle of engineering science consolidation begins with planning, investigation, and experimentation. Schools go through an initial stage of planning and experimentation in which a few educators begin using technology in new ways. Then, these individuals become technology proponents. The next step in the cycle of technology integration is initial capital investments. This allows the department to determine the value of technology necessary in the tutors. The ideal situation would be to have a computing machine in every classroom and have all of the teachers and students know and understand how to use it and receive a better education due to the technological advancements in the classrooms. After all of the tolls are determined, readjustments are made. applied science Integration is a learned process requiring schools to continually re-figure their investments and methods of teaching with technology in schools. It allows the schoo l to know how much money they have and what they will need. After the readjusting process, new work and organizational models are created. Technology integration allows for students to greatly benefit. It allows for collaborative education to take place with students peers and improves ones performance academically. In the United States today, most schools are currently in the first two stages of the process of technology integration (CEO 2000).Technology Innovations Technology Integration can truly only occur once the technology has been created. Film, radio, and the television were a few of the first ever created technologies in the world. In 1920, the first radio was created. This was just the beginning of the technological boom in America, which is quickly growi... ... Monitoring School Quality An Indicators Report. Washington D.C GPO, 2000.-A magazine article tolerant statistics and discussing how the learning ability of students is different from integrating the cl assroom. Hopkins, Gary. Education World. Principals Talk Tech How is Technology Integration going? Retrieved November 5, 2002. http//www.educationworld.com/a_admin/admin268.shtml-An article talking about technology integration in the classroom from the principals point of view. It also discusses the current status of a few local schools. Technology Integration in Education. Edgewater Technology Teams With ASA to . Retrieved Novemeber 24, 2002 from Academic Search/Lexisnexis database.-The article talks about how a partnership allows for the Education Department of Missouri to have both better technology and cuts the cost down.

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